International mechanisms-such as the UN system, and universal jurisdiction cases-can involve barriers of know-how, cost, distance, and language, meaning that they do not present a realistic option for many people. Kazakhstan, Bangladesh, the Philippines and Sri Lanka, for example, have made torture a specific offence under their domestic law, and South Africa and Uganda have specific anti-torture legislation ( REDRESS and AHRC 2013 REDRESS 2016a). Over the last three decades there has been an attempt to promote domestic legal avenues for redress on behalf of survivors of torture ( Malamud-Goti and Grosman 2006 Oette 2012 Scott 2001). The UN Convention against Torture requires that victims of torture are provided with ‘redress and … an enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation’ (Article 14).
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